![]() ![]() ![]() We observed that crouched terrestrial species tend to regulate speed through stride frequency. In this study, we explored the interrelationships between these three variables across a sample of 103 tetrapods and assessed whether speed regulation strategy is influenced by mechanical, allometric, phylogenetic or ecological factors. While the relationship between these variables has been well documented, it remains unresolved whether animals primarily modify stride frequency or stride length to increase speed. Speed regulation in animals involves stride frequency and stride length. Quantifying the magnitude and direction of these responses can improve our understanding and ability to forecast species redistributions and its repercussions in the functioning of temperate ecosystems. The results suggest that plasticity in the phenology and life‐history traits of range‐expanding species would be important to enhance their fitness in high latitude environments, facilitating their persistence and possible further poleward expansions. rivulatus, but also lower length at maturity, increasing life‐time reproductive output. Low primary productivity and temperature in the Mediterranean Sea resulted in lower growth rates and body sizes for S. Populations at highest latitudes had shortened their reproductive periods and reduced growth rates, taking longer to reach sexual maturity and maximum sizes, but compensated this with higher fecundity per length class and longer lifespans than populations in warmer environments. Life‐history trait information from across their global distribution was compiled from the published literature and meta‐analyses were conducted to assess changes in (i) the onset and duration of reproductive periods, (ii) size at maturity, (iii) fecundity, (iv) growth rates, (v) maximum body sizes and (vi) longevity in populations at the leading edge of range expansion in relation to sea surface temperature and primary productivity (a common proxy for nutritional resource levels). Both species have established abundant populations at higher latitudes (poleward) in the northern and southern hemispheres and have been identified as important ecological engineers with the potential to alter the community structure of seaweed forests (Laminariales and Fucales) in temperate regions. We examined the effect that changes in biogeography can have on the life‐history traits of two of the most successful range‐extending fish species in the world: the tropical rabbitfishes Siganus fuscescens and Siganus rivulatus. Evidence of these effects have increased over recent decades however, we still have a poor understanding of the possible outcomes of their interplay across global climatic gradients, hindering our ability to accurately predict the consequences of climate change in populations and ecosystems. Global warming is modifying the phenology, life‐history traits and biogeography of species around the world. Relatively lower rhythmicity in the feeding system may be a consequence of the necessity to prevent tooth breakage and wear, the greater complexity of coordination with tongue movements, and/or a greater emphasis on energy storage in elastic elements rather than the kinetics of limb movement. Higher rhythmicity in the locomotor system corroborates a hypothesis of stronger optimization for energetic efficiency: deviation from the limbs’ natural frequency results in greater variability of center of mass movements and limb inertial changes, and therefore more work by limb muscles. Accounting for potential confounding variables, our analyses reveal higher rhythmicity of cyclic movements of the limbs than of the jaw. We compared rhythmicity of cyclic jaw and limb movements in feeding and locomotor systems in 261 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic context. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other biomechanical variables in the feeding and locomotor systems should also reflect these divergent functions. Įvolutionary analyses of joint kinematics and muscle mechanics suggest that, during cyclic behaviors, tetrapod feeding systems are optimized for precise application of forces over small displacements during chewing while locomotor systems are more optimized for large and rapid joint excursions during walking and running. We pre-registered our meta-analysis, with all search protocol, datasets, code, and supplementary made available on the OSF. Study heterogeneity was, Q(XX) = XXX.XX, p =. We found support/no support/mixed support for action-effect in ], support/no support/mixed support for action-effect in ], and support/no support/mixed support for action-effect in ]. ![]() In this registered report, we conducted a meta-analysis of the action effect literature (k =, N =, 1982-2021). Action-effect refers to the phenomenon in which people experience, associate, or attribute stronger emotions for action compared to inaction. ![]()
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